Given that SQL is an acronym for Structured Query Language, a reference to “a SQL” is then a reference to a language. Or the term SQL just refers to the language.
So something that I find really odd now is the number of people using the word SQL as a synonym for a SQL statement. I keep hearing references like this:
We need to execute several SQLs against the server.
2019-12-10
You might need to work out how long a string is. There are two ways you could measure the length of a string. The first is the number of characters; the second is the number of bytes (i.e. the amount of data).
You can see both here:
Even though I’ve provided a Chinese string, LEN still returns 2 as the number of characters in the string.
But because they were each two-byte characters, the function DATALENGTH returns 4 as the total number of bytes.
2019-12-09
One really important concept in data warehouses is the idea of versioning. Imagine that I have customers broken into a set of business categories. And then I change which customers are in which categories. For so many transactional systems, if I run a sales report for last year, the customers would now appear in the current business categories, rather than the ones they were part of last year.
In Kimbal-based designs, that’s part of the rationale for what are called Slowly-Changing Dimensions (SCDs).
2019-12-06
We’re pleased to see that there are now a large number of people using our free SDU Tools for developers and DBAs, and that number grows every day. One of the surprising requests that we’ve constantly received is for something that simply shows the name SQL Server version.
We’ve seen people doing quite messy things to derive the name, like parsing the return value from @@VERSION and so on.
So we decided to make that easy.
2019-12-04
Each SQL Server user has a default schema. This the used in several ways. If I execute code like this:
CREATE TABLE Blah
(
...
);
I haven’t specified where that table will be created. People seem to assume it will end up in the dbo schema i.e. the table will be dbo.Blah but that’s not the case. It depends upon the user’s default schema. If that’s Sales, then the table Sales.Blah would be created instead.
2019-12-03
You might need to extract part of a string from a given string. T-SQL has a number of functions to help you do that. Take a look at these examples:
LEFT, RIGHT, and SUBSTRING are all functions that return parts of strings .
In the first example, we asked for 3 characters from the left of the string so SQL Server returned ABC.
The second example shows returning 2 characters from the right of the string, so we get KL.
2019-12-02
In SQL Server, most tables benefit from having a clustering key i.e. the column or columns that the table is logically sorted by. (Note: much old training material and documentation used to say “physical order” and that’s never been true). To do that, SQL Server stores the data within the pages in a sorted way, and maintains a doubly-linked logical chain of pages. In addition, it maintains pointers to the data by creating an index on it.
2019-11-29
A forum poster was asking how to make a SQL Server column NOT NULL, but not apply it to old data. But when you add NOT NULL, there’s no option to say “Just new data”. However, you can work around it to achieve the same goal.
When you add a constraint to SQL Server, you can say WITH NOCHECK. That says to not check existing data. You can add a constraint to ensure a value isn’t NULL.
2019-11-28
When SQL Server requests storage space from the operating system, the default action is for the OS to write zeroes over all the space before it’s presented to SQL Server to use. This is to ensure that the SQL Server process cannot read the data that was previously on that section of the storage (drive).
This can cause significant delays in at least two common situations:
If this security issue isn’t a concern for you (if you have a dedicated SQL Server system, or you have a corporate SAN then it’s unlikely to be), then SQL Server has an option called Instant File Initialization that avoids all the writing of zeroes.
2019-11-27
If you need to convert strings to all upper case or all lower case, you can use the UPPER and LOWER functions in T-SQL as shown below:
These are simple functions and it doesn’t matter what those strings were to start with, it will just do the case conversion.
It’s also worth noting that if you want to make your SQL query text change to upper or lower case in SQL Server Management Studio, there’s a shortcut for that too. If you want to just quickly convert a string to all uppercase or all lower case, just highlight the string and hit control shift U for upper or control shift L for lower.
2019-11-25